Reprinted with permission from the December 2024 issue of Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation, the newsletter of the International Institute for Conflict Prevention & Resolution. (Vol. 42, No. 11).

For decades, representatives of business interests fought to place disputes, especially business-to-consumer (“B-to-C”) disputes, into arbitration rather than court. A second front in this battle developed in which these same interests collided over whether the arbitration clauses in the B-to-C contract could also contain a ban on class actions or, in the words of some cases and clauses, a ban on “collective actions.”

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